Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, faculty of medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
2
School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
3
College of Pharmacy, Alnoor University, Nineveh, Iraq.
4
College of Pharmacy, Ahl Al Bayt University, Kerbala, Iraq.
5
Gilgamesh Ahliya University, Baghdad, Iraq.College of Pharmacy, Ahl Al Bayt University, Kerbala, Iraq.
6
Collage of Nursing, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, 64001, Iraq.
7
Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq.
8
Department of Surgical Oncology, Tehran University of Medical Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
9
Departments of Internal Medical, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Abstract
Gastric cancer has become the leading type of cancer on an international scale, with metastatic cancer
being the leading cause of mortality associated with this illness. Consequently, methods for early
detection have been established, mainly through the use of non-invasive biomarkers present in
different bodily fluids. Exosomes are distinct extracellular vehicles that transport cellular signals over
long distances via diverse contents. They may be readily seen in bodily fluids due to their secretion
by gastric cancer cells or cells in the gastric cancer-tumor microenvironment. Given this context,
multiple biological and functional features of human tumors, especially gastric cancer, are intricately
connected to exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Exosomal microRNAs play a crucial role in
several stages of gastric cancer progression, facilitating the transfer of genetic information between
cancer cells and other cells. This process regulates tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis,
immunological responses, and medication resistance. They engage with several regulatory complexes
that have different enzymatic activities. These complexes then alter the chromatin landscapes,
including changes to nucleosomes, DNA methylation, and alterations to histones. This research delves
into the essential regulatory mechanisms of exosomes in gastric cancer. Furthermore, the existing
understanding of the functions of exosomal miRNAs in this context was evaluated, aiming to confirm
their potential significance in identifying biomarkers, elucidating their roles in immune evasion and
drug resistance, and ultimately evaluating therapeutic strategies.
Keywords