Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran .
2
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
3
Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, turkey
4
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran .
5
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
6
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
Abstract
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is a prevalent malignancy associated with
considerable morbidity and mortality. This article offers a comprehensive overview of its
major risk factors, molecular characteristics, and emerging therapeutic approaches. Key
risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and environmental exposures such
as air pollution. Viral infections, particularly with Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and high-
risk genotypes of Human Papillomaviruses (HPV), are also implicated in OCSCC
pathogenesis. At the molecular level, OCSCC is characterized by aberrant expression of
growth factors, especially transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) and epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR overexpression, often due to gene amplification, is closely
associated with tumor progression and poor clinical outcomes. These insights into
molecular pathways are guiding the development of targeted therapies. Innovative
treatments are being explored, including combination therapies such as metformin with
4SC-202, which show promise in reducing tumor cell migration and enhancing
chemotherapy sensitivity. Additionally, nanoengineered formulations of cisplatin aim to
improve drug delivery specificity and minimize systemic toxicity, offering a more patient-
friendly approach. The article emphasizes the need for continued investigation into novel
therapeutic strategies and a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of OCSCC to
improve treatment outcomes. Future research priorities include the identification of new
risk factors, refinement of induction chemotherapy protocols, and incorporation of
personalized treatment strategies. Addressing these areas is crucial for advancing
prevention, enabling early diagnosis, and improving survival and quality of life for patients
with OCSCC. This work supports ongoing progress in oral cancer research and clinical
care.
Oral cavity cancer, Risk factors, Pathways, Molecular, Therapeutic index
Keywords